《到底英语语法重要吗》
学英语要不要好好学语法,其实我的经验告诉我,正确的语法学习是帮助我们更加了解句子结构的。好比我们平常说汉语,真的每句话都带主谓宾的吗?不一定吧?如何学好英语?小编在这里整理了相关资料,快来学习学习吧!
1. 【论语法重要否】
语法重要吗?
一直以来都是值得争议的话题.
背单词的人很多,练习口语的比比皆是.
而研究语法的人,却鲜少.
是因为语法不重要吗?
而答案当然是否定的~
坚实的语法是英语水平进阶的充分必要条件.
但现实情况是,
不少人对语法学习并没有一个清晰的概念,
甚至忽视语法学习~
有这样的观点不绝于耳:语法是不需要专门进行学习的. 我们只需要大量输入,进行“浸泡式”学习,就会有“语感”,语法会自然内化,一切发生得如此和谐自然,毫不费力. 你看欧美国家的人没有学习语法,不是也能说出写出语法正确的句子吗?
以上观点其实存在两个值得思考的问题:
1. 儿童学习母语和成年人学习外语是相同的概念吗?
2. 欧美国家的学生真的不用学习语法吗?
在语言学上有个子集原则(Subset Principle)可以用来解释这一现象:
儿童在刚开始学习母语时经常会造出错误的语法结构, 比如 Who is her 这样的句子. 但这种语法错误在成年人的语言里是接触不到的, 只接触到结构正确的正面语料,而接触不到错误的负面语料. 经过一段时间后,儿童就会自动放弃错误的结构,接受正确的结构.
语言学家对加拿大的沉浸式课堂进行研究之后发现: 外语学习者即使接触了大量的语言输入,仍然会犯很多语法错误,比如时态和单复数问题等. 这也就意味着,对于外语学习者来说,语法一定是要专门学习的,靠大量输入培养起来的所谓“语感”往往并不靠谱.
2. 【语法不好会有什么后果?】
语法不好对英语学习带来的副作用是隐性和全方位的,它可能不会像听力和阅读表现得那么明显,但却会制约听说读写的全面提升.
拿阅读举例,不少人会碰到“每个单词都认识但句子就是读不懂”的情况,其实很大一部分原因就是语法不好. 如果比较结构没学好,“ He can no more drive than I." 这个很简单的句子可能都理解不了。
再比如:
1.He is a gentleman, who never breaks his word.
2.He is a gentleman who never breaks his word.
上面这两个句子,你能读出它们之间的区别吗?
第一个句子的意思是“他是个君子,从不食言”; 第二个句子的意思则是“他是个从不食言的君子”。这就是限制性从句和非限制性从句的区别.
应该怎样学语法?语法,并不只是纸面的规则,更不只是记忆法则.
它包含两个方面:形式以及意义.
形式就是上文提到的语法规则,比如现在完成进行时应该用 have been doing,情态动词后面应该用动词原形. 但大部分语法书以及课堂教学都停留在这一点而没有更多的延伸.
在熟悉语法规则的基础上,更加重要的是掌握每个规则的含义,比如 will be doing 用来表示礼貌地询问他人的计划,这样才能真正理解并使用它.
而单纯看语法书或者上语法课,显然是是不够的. 这些最多能告诉你语法的规则,但每个规则背后的含义需要通过大量的阅读来真正读懂.
所以,学习语法的具体思路是:
阅读语法书学习基本语法规则;
在阅读中重现语法规则,
结合语境来理解规则的含义;
回顾语法规则,查缺补漏.
举个小例
在小编接触的学员中,大部分学生的英语学科优势都是相当牢固,并且多数是在小学期间形成的。这和小学期间养成听说读写练的好习惯是分不开的,当然和语法的关联也是密切相关!
很多学生英语启蒙较早,小四小五阶段就已经学完了新概念,但是在小升初真题测试中却无法获得理想的成绩。经过能力测评不难发现孩子们的语法点并不扎实,甚至一些初中的孩子对于6大词性、4大基本时态也经常混淆不清, 以至于后续无论怎样精讲阅读,哪怕上课认真听,课后还是无法高效吸收,原因就在于语法基础不扎实、无法较好地理解文章结构. 于是上再多的难度英语也无法真正地提升. 所以扎实的语法知识其重要性不言而喻。
一个关于语法的演讲
You're telling a friend an amazing story, and you just get to the best part when suddenly he interrupts, "The alien and I," not "Me and the alien."
你正在给朋友讲一个精彩的故事,刚讲到最精彩的部分时,他突然打断了你说: 应该是“外星人和我” 而不是“我和外星人"。
Most of us would probably be annoyed, but aside from the rude interruption, does your friend have a point? Was your sentence actually grammatically incorrect?
许多人都会对这种行为感到反感,先抛开无礼的打断不谈,来想一下你朋友说的有道理吗? 你说的这句话从语法上讲 真的是错的吗?
And if he still understood it, why does it even matter? From the point of view of linguistics, grammar is a set of patterns for how words are put together to form phrases or clauses, whether spoken or in writing.
要是他依旧能理解你的意思,那么这样做又有什么意义呢? 从语言学的角度来看,语法就是一系列规则,教你怎样在口语和写作中用单词构成短语和句子。
Different languages have different patterns. In English, the subject normally comes first, followed by the verb, and then the object, while in Japanese and many other languages, the order is subject, object, verb.
不同的语言有着不同的规则。比如在英语中,主语通常放在最前面,谓语动词跟在主语后面,宾语则放在最后,而在日语和其他许多语言中,顺序却变成了主语、宾语和谓语动词。
Some scholars have tried to identify patterns common to all languages, but apart from some basic features, like having nouns or verbs, few of these so-called linguistic universals have been found.
一些学者尝试找到适用于所有语言的规则,但是除了一些基本的属性,比如所有语言都有名词和动词,所谓的语言上的共性几乎是不存在的。
And while any language needs consistent patterns to function, the study of these patterns opens up an ongoing debate between two positions known as prescriptivism and descriptivism.
尽管所有语言都得按照一套固定的规则来,但有两方观点在这些规则的研究上始终争论不休,即规定主义和描写主义 。
Grossly simplified, prescriptivists think a given language should follow consistent rules, while descriptivists see variation and adaptation as a natural and necessary part of language. For much of history, the vast majority of language was spoken. But as people became more interconnected and writing gained importance, written language was standardized to allow broader communication and ensure that people in different parts of a realm could understand each other.
简单来说,规定主义认为一门既定的语言要遵循固定的规则,而描写主义则认为变化和调整是语言正常且必要的一部分。绝大多数语言在其大部分历史时期中都是用于口头的交流,不过随着人们相互之间联系的增多,书写的地位开始提升,于是书面语开始规范化以适用于更为广泛的交流,同时也确保了不同地方的人能够理解这些语言所表达的意思。
In many languages, this standard form came to be considered the only proper one, despite being derived from just one of many spoken varieties, usually that of the people in power. Language purists worked to establish and propagate this standard by detailing a set of rules that reflected the established grammar of their times. And rules for written grammar were applied to spoken language, as well.
对于大多数语言而言,这一标准形式被认为是唯一合适的,但实际上它却是从众多不同的口语形式中脱颖而出且通常情况下来自掌权的一方。通过将那个时代已有的一系列语法规则详尽记录下来,语言纯粹主义者们开始建立并传播这一标准。
Speech patterns that deviated from the written rules were considered corruptions, or signs of low social status, and many people who had grown up speaking in these ways were forced to adopt the standardized form.
书面语言所涉及的语法同样也适用于口语,而那些偏离了书面语语法的口语则被认为是错误的,或者是社会地位低下的表现。于是许多从小就按照这一规则说话的人,被迫开始接受标准的语法规则。
More recently, however, linguists have understood that speech is a separate phenomenon from writing with its own regularities and patterns. Most of us learn to speak at such an early age that we don't even remember it.
直到最近,语言学家才意识到口语和书面语完全是两码事。口语有它自己的规律性和模式,在我们还不能记事的时候,就开始学习说话了,那个时候更多是通过下意识的行为来构建说话技能,而不是记住那些规则。
We form our spoken repertoire through unconscious habits, not memorized rules. And because speech also uses mood and intonation for meaning, its structure is often more flexible, adapting to the needs of speakers and listeners.
由于口语也会用到语气和语调来传达意思,所以它的结构更加地多样化,会根据说话者和听者的需求进行调整。
This could mean avoiding complex clauses that are hard to parse in real time, making changes to avoid awkward pronounciation, or removing sounds to make speech faster. The linguistic approach that tries to understand and map such differences without dictating correct ones is known as descriptivism. Rather than deciding how language should be used, it describes how people actually use it, and tracks the innovations they come up with in the process.
这就意味着在说话时应该避免一些难以理解的复杂句子,做出适当调整避免一些尴尬的发音,或是通过略读让语速加快。尝试去理解和比对语法上的这些差异,却不定义对错的语言学方法被称为描写主义,相比于决定该如何使用语言,描写主义更倾向于叙述人们实际上是怎样使用语言的,并追溯在这一过程中出现的一些新方法。
But while the debate between prescriptivism and descriptivism continues, the two are not mutually exclusive. At its best, prescriptivism is useful for informing people about the most common established patterns at a given point in time.
尽管描写主义和规定主义之间的争论会一直持续下去,但它们二者之间并不是互相排斥的。规定主义可以在某个特定的时间点,告诉人们最为通用的确定模式 。
This is important, not only for formal contexts, but it also makes communication easier between non-native speakers from different backgrounds.
这一点不仅在正式场合很重要,也使得来自不同国家、不同背景的非母语人士交流起来更加容易。
Descriptivism, on the other hand, gives us insight into how our minds work and the instinctive ways in which we structure our view of the world.
另一方面,描写主义会让我们看到自己的想法如何运作,以及如何本能地构建自己的世界观。
Ultimately, grammar is best thought of as a set of linguistic habits that are constantly being negotiated and reinvented by the entire group of language users.
从根本上说,语法顶多被认为是一系列不断被所有的语言使用者争论和改造的语言习惯。
Like language itself, it's a wonderful and complex fabric woven through the contributions of speakers and listeners, writers and readers, prescriptivists and descriptivists, from both near and far.
就像语言本身,像一匹精美复杂的布,经由从古至今的说话者和听众、作者和读者、规定主义者和描写主义者们的共同努力编织而成 。
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