《英语词性语法总结归纳》
英语的语法大家了解多少呢，对于英语来说，我们第一步要了解的就是应粗词性的分类，只有把词性了解透彻了，我们在阅读和写作当中，才能够出色的应对考题，小编在这里整理了相关知识，快来学习学习吧!
一.名词
I. 名词的种类：
专有名词 | 普通名词 | |||
国名.地名.人名， 团体.机构名称 | 可数名词 | 不可数名词 | ||
个体名词 | 集体名词 | 抽象名词 | 物质名词 | |
II. 名词的数：
1. 规则名词的复数形式：
名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：
规则 | 例词 | ||
1 | 一般情况在词尾加-s | map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days | |
2 | 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es | class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes | |
3 | 以-f或-fe结尾的词 | 变-f和-fe为v再加-es | leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives |
加-s | belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs | ||
4 | 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es | party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities | |
5 | 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s | toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys | |
6 | 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 | 一般加-es | hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes |
不少外来词加-s | piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos | ||
两者皆可 | zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos | ||
7 | 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s | radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos | |
8 | 以-th结尾的名词加-s | truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, | |
2. 不规则名词复数：
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
规则 | 例词 | ||
1 | 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 | man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice | |
2 | 单复数相同 | sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, | |
3 | 只有复数形式 | ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents | |
4 | 一些集体名词总是用作复数 | people, police, cattle, staff | |
5 | 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） | audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party | |
6 | 复数形式表示特别含义 | customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) | |
7 | 表示“某国人” | 加-s | Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans |
单复数同形 | Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese | ||
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women | Englishmen, Frenchwomen | ||
8 | 合成名词 | 将主体名词变为复数 | sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends |
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 | grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches | ||
将两部分变为复数 | women singers, men servants | ||
III. 名词的所有格：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. ’s所有格的构成：
单数名词在末尾加’s | the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, | |
复数名词 | 一般在末尾加’ | the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, |
不规则复数名词后加’s | the children’s toys, women’s rights, | |
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ | Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house | |
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s | Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes | |
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s | Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father | |
表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略 | the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s | |
2. ’s所有格的用法：
１ | 表示时间 | today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday |
2 | 表示自然现象 | the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches |
3 | 表示国家城市等地方的名词 | the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry |
4 | 表示工作群体 | the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory |
5 | 表示度量衡及价值 | a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples |
6 | 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 | the life’s time, the play’s plot |
7 | 某些固定词组 | a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) |
3. of所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed
二.冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)，定冠词(the)，和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词的用法：
1 | 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of | A plane is a machine that can fly. |
2 | 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 | A boy is waiting for you. |
3 | 表示“每一”相当于every，one | We study eight hours a day. |
4 | 表示“相同”相当于the same | We are nearly of an age. |
5 | 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 | A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. |
6 | 用于固定词组中 | A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time |
7 | 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 | This room is rather a big one. |
8 | 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 | She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. |
II. 定冠词的用法：
1 | 表示某一类人或物 | The horse is a useful animal. |
2 | 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 | the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean |
3 | 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 | Would you mind opening the door? |
4 | 用于乐器前面 | play the violin, play the guitar |
5 | 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 | the reach, the living, the wounded |
6 | 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” | the Greens, the Wangs |
7 | 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 | He is the taller of the two children. |
8 | 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 | the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French |
9 | 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 | The compass was invented in China. |
10 | 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 | in the 1990’s |
11 | 用于表示单位的名词前 | I hired the car by the hour. |
12 | 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 | He patted me on the shoulder. |
III. 零冠词的用法：
1 | 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 | Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air |
2 | 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 | I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? |
3 | 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 | March, Sunday, National Day, spring |
4 | 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 | Lincoln was made President of America. |
5 | 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 | He likes playing football/chess. |
6 | 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 | by train, by air, by land |
7 | 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 | husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night |
8 | 表示泛指的复数名词前 | Horses are useful animals. |
三.代词：
I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：
1 | 人称代词 | 主格 | I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they |
宾格 | me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them | ||
2 | 物主代词 | 形容词性 | my, your, his, her, its, our, their |
名词性 | mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs | ||
3 | 反身代词 | myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves | |
4 | 指示代词 | this, that, these, those, such, some | |
5 | 疑问代词 | who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever | |
6 | 关系代词 | that, which, who, whom, whose, as | |
7 | 不定代词 | one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, | |
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either | |||
II. 不定代词用法注意点：
1. one, some与any:
1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?
3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?
2. each和every:
each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.
3. none和no：
no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.
四.形容词和副词
I. 形容词：
1. 形容词的位置：
1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：
1 | 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 | nobody absent, everything possible |
2 | 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 | the best book available, the only solution possible |
3 | alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 | the only person awake |
4 | 和空间、时间、单位连用时 | a bridge 50 meters long |
5 | 成对的形容词可以后置 | a huge room simple and beautiful |
6 | 形容词短语一般后置 | a man difficult to get on with |
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：
代词 | 数词 | 性状形容词 | ||||||||
冠词前的形容词 | 冠词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有格 | 序数词 | 基数词 | 性质 状态 | 大小 长短 形状 | 新旧 温度 | 颜色 | 国籍 产地 | 材料 质地 | 名词 |
all both such | the a this another your | second next | one four | beautiful good poor | large short square | new cool | black yellow | Chinese London | silk stone | |
3) 复合形容词的构成：
1 | 形容词+名词+ed | kind-hearted | 6 | 名词+形容词 | world-famous |
2 | 形容词+形容词 | dark-blue | 7 | 名词+现在分词 | peace-loving |
3 | 形容词+现在分词 | ordinary-looking | 8 | 名词+过去分词 | snow-covered |
4 | 副词+现在分词 | hard-working | 9 | 数词+名词+ed | three-egged |
5 | 副词+过去分词 | newly-built | 10 | 数词+名词 | twenty-year |
II. 副词
副词的分类：
1 | 时间副词 | soon, now, early, finally, once, recently | 5 | 频度副词 | always, often, frequently, seldom, never |
2 | 地点副词 | here, nearby, outside, upwards, above | 6 | 疑问副词 | how, where, when, why |
3 | 方式副词 | hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really | 7 | 连接副词 | how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile |
4 | 程度副词 | almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather | 8 | 关系副词 | when, where, why |
III. 形容词和副词比较等级：
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.
5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
让孩子们在暑假受益匪浅(双语阅读)
How to make your children have a lot benefited on summer vacation?
怎样让孩子们在暑假受益匪浅呢?
1. Remind them of previous times they overcame a fear
他们克服了恐惧的时候提醒他们
Reminding your child of a previous occasion where they were afraid to try something, but ended up enjoying it, can give them a little boost of confidence in their own abilities.
提醒你的孩子以前他们害怕尝试，但最终享受了它，可以给他们一个小表扬来提高他们对自己的能力的信心。
2. Avoid comparing them to others
避免把他们与别人进行比较
Focus on your child, and what fears it is that they are aiming to overcome. Making continual comparisons to other kids can be unhelpful and may make your child feel inadequate.
关注你的孩子，看看他们害怕什么。让其他孩子与你的孩子持续的比较可以说是无益的，还可能会让你的孩子感到不满足。
3. Teach them to recognize valid fears
教他们正确的认识恐惧
While overcoming fears is important, we need to remember that some fears are perfectly valid and healthy. If your child is afraid of jumping into a river full of crocodiles, then that’s good, that’s a fear that you don’t want them to overcome. Teach them to recognize the difference between important life-saving fears, and irrational fears, by talking through risks and consequences.
然而克服恐惧是很重要的，但我们需要记住一些恐惧是完全有效和健康的。如果你的孩子害怕跳入有很多鳄鱼的河中，那很好，这是一个你不想让他们克服的恐惧。通过讨论风险和后果来教他们识别重要的拯救生命的恐惧，和非理性的恐惧的区别。
4. Show them how facing a fear can be done in small steps
告诉他们如何通过小的步骤面对恐惧
Sometimes the best way to overcome a fear is to leap right into it, other times though it’s better to tackle it slowly and gently. Be guided by your child on this, if the fear is overwhelming for them, then show them how it can be approached in small stages, only moving on to the next stage when a certain comfort level is reached. Plan the stages with them ahead of time so that they are clear on what is going to happen, and don’t spring surprises on them or they won’t trust you next time.
有时克服恐惧最好的办法就是飞跃跳过，其他时候最好慢慢地轻轻地解决它。通过这样来引导你的孩子，如果他们的恐惧是压倒性的，然后向他们展示如何走近一小步，只有移动到下一个能达到一定的舒适度阶段。提前计划，以便他们清楚会发生什么，也不要有什么惊喜否则下次他们不会信任你。
5. Constantly remind them that they’re not alone
不断地提醒他们，他们并不孤单
Probably the most important one is to remind them regularly that they don’t have to face their fears alone. If they feel secure in the knowledge that you will be there for them whatever the outcome, this will grow their fearless mindset and help give them the confidence to move forward.
最重要的是不断地提醒他们，他们不必独自面对他们的恐惧。如果他们觉得安全，无论他们结果如何，你都会在这里，这将增加他们的无所畏惧的心态，帮助增加他们前进的信心。
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