《英语语法易错点》
语法可以说是不少同学的心头痛,今天小编就为大家整理了英语语法易错点,内容较长,小编在这里整理了相关资料,希望能帮助到您。
一、定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who(宾格whom),所有格whose)和关系副词 where when why 等,关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中充当一个成分,关系代词that,which,who,whom等在从句中分别作主语或宾语,whose在从句中作定语,而关系副词when,where,why等在从句中作状语。 如:
①I will never forget the days when/in which we worked together.
②I will never forget the days which/that we spent together.
解析:在句①中,表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是状语,所以用关系副词when来代指,引导定语从句修饰先行词the days;
而在句②中,表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是动词spent的宾语,所以用关系代词that或which来代指。
同样,表示地点或原因的名词如果在从句中作状语,则用关系副词where 或why来代指;如果在从句中作动词的宾语,则用which或that来代替。 如:
①This is the factory where/in which I worked.(作状语)
②This is the factory that/which I visited years ago.(作宾语)
注:当先行词为time,reason, place时,引导词可以省略。如:
①This was the first (when/what) I had serious trouble with my boss.
②That is the reason (why) I did it.
③This is the place (where) we met yesterday.
另外,定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。如:
①Mr. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.
②He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.
解析:在句①中,先行词foreigner被only修饰,强调只有一个,所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式,而在句②中,who引导的定语从句修饰先行词the students,为复数,所以从句谓语动词应为复数。
二 名词性从句中的易错点
(一)that引导的定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系,“……的名词”,而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词,如:
fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。
That在定语从句中必须作成分,可用which或who/whom代替,而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。如:
①Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas.
②Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.
解析:在句①中,that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容,that不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用,而在句②中,that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语,对先行词the chicken farm起修饰作用。
(二)名词性从句中,关于it作形式主语和形式宾语的易错点
1) 名词性从句作主语或宾语时,为保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如:
It’s a pity that he don’t come to give a speech.(形式主语)
We think it possible that you can finish the job today.(形式宾语)
2)谓语动词 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love,
make等接由if或when 引导的宾语从句时往往在从句前加上形式宾语it. 例如:
I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.
3)动词hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引导的病因从句式,往往在从句前加形式宾语it. 例如:
① I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon.
② we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.
4)短语动词answer for, count on depend on, insist on,
see to等后接有that引导的宾语从句时,必须冠以形式宾语it. 例如:① I’m counting on it that you will come. ② She’ll see to it that he goes ahead. 注:作形式主语和形式宾语时只能用it.
三、代词it、one、that的用法与区别
One泛指,指代前面提到的那类人或物,用于指代可数名词,相当于a+名词单数,其复数形式ones前一般要有定语,否则就要用some.
That(those复数)即可指代不可数名词,表特指,相当于the+名词,后面经常与介词修饰语连用。 It指代上文出现的名词,表示同类同物,另外还可表示时间、距离、天气、还可指代人称代词,表示性别身份不明,可作形式主语,形式宾语,引导强调句式以及一些固定搭配,如:get it, catch it, make it.
例如:① I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丢了只表,我想我必须再买一只。(代指上文指到的同类事物,但不指同一个)
② Where is my pen? Have you seen it?
我的钢笔不知弄到哪去了,你见了吗?(代指上文提到的同一事物) ③ The land of China is larger than that of America.
④ Tome has a red pen and a blue one (或two blue ones)
⑤ He has no child, and he wants toadopt one (或 some)
四、虚拟语气
I 虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的易错点。
① if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
② if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now.
句子①②都是虚拟语气在条件句中的使用,从句中都是假设过去的情况,所以用过去完成时,但在主句中,句①依然指代过去的情况,谓语动词是would have done,而②中含有一个表示现在的时间状语now, 这样就必须将其理解为假设现在的情况,所以谓语动词必须为would/should/might+动词原形,学生在这一点上经常会忽略now的存在,从而按句①的形式填写答案。
Ⅱ虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法
1.在it is important (strange, natural, necessary……)+that 句子或者It is decided (ordered,suggested, demanded, advised……)+that句子中,主语从句中的谓语动词常用(should)+动词原形结构,表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被决定”等
例如:① it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and all night.
② it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon.
2. suggest, insist 后面指宾语从句时需注意的地方
1)①suggest 当“建议”“提出”讲时,其后宾语从句的谓语动词常用“should+动词原形” 例如:He suggested that the work (should) be started at once 他建议立即动工。
类似的动词还有insist坚持,demand要求,desire要求、请求,request请求,require要求、需要,order命令,propose建议,command命令,ask要求,advise建议,prefer宁愿等。 这些动词变被动语态(如:It is suggested + that主语从句)形式后,主语从句谓语动词仍用“(should)+动词原形” 这些动词变名词(如suggestion)后,其后的表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语部分仍用“(should)+动词原形”
②suggest 当“提出(某看法),暗示,启发”讲时,其后宾语从句的动词不用虚拟语气。 例如:(1)The police suggested that the thief might be one of the family member
警察局提出窃贼可能是一名家庭成员。
(2)Her yawns suggests that she is sleepy. 她打哈欠表明她困了。
(3)Although he didn’t suggest that we __ the decision to swim across the river, but his look suggested that our decision __wrong.虽然他没提出我们应该终止游过这条河的决定,但他的表情表明我们的决定是错误的。
A:stop; wasB: should stop; be
C: stopped ;wasD: stopped; should be
在这个句子中,前一个suggest当“建议”“提出”讲,而后一个作“表明”讲,所以答案为“A”
2)①insist作“坚决要求…该…;坚持认为…定要…”讲时,其后宾语从句的谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”
例如:I insisted that you (should) be there on time.我坚持认为你应该准时到那里去
②insist 作“坚持(意见,看法);坚持说,确信”讲时,其后从句不用虚拟语气。
例如:He suggested (that) he heard someone in the next room. 他坚持说他听到隔壁屋子里有人。
五.反意疑问句中的易错点
1.在一般疑问句中,无论肯定的问或是否定的问,如果回答为肯定则用yes,反之则用no.特别注意如果出现省略则看下文所暗示的意义。
①—Are you a new comer?
—Yes, I came here only yesterday.
②—Isn’t Tom a good student?
—Yes, he is excellent.
③—Don’t you think the composition good?
—No, It can’t be any worse.
注意:在②③句中,当回答的意思与问句相一致时,则用No,译为“是的”,当回答的意思与问句相反时,则用Yes,译为“不”
2.情态动词must
① I must leave now, mustn’t I ?
② He must be in the classroom, isn’t ?(表推测)
③ He must have finished his homework, hasn’t he ? (表现在的结果)
④ He must have finished his homework yesterday afternoon,didn’t he? (表过去)
当句子中有表示猜测的情态动词时,其反意疑问句的构成不能再用原句中的情态动词,而应根据原句在去掉情态动词的情况下的主谓关系来确定其反问形式。
六、非谓语动词中的易错点
非谓语与其逻辑主语(即动作的执行者或承受者)之间有三种关系,如为主谓关系,则用现在分词或不定式的主动式;如为被动关系则用过去分词、现在分词的被动(强调动作正在进行)或不定式的被动式(动作将进行);如既无主动也无被动关系则只能用状语从句或独立主格结构(即非谓语加上自己的逻辑主语)
Judging/considering/genrally speaking/supposing 指说话者的动作,故只用主动式。如:
Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam.
解析:从这个句子可以看出,句词的逻辑主语与句子的主语he一致,并且是主谓关系,所以用了现在的分词作状语,同时,分词的动作明显地发生在句子的谓语动词动作之前,故采用了现代分词的完成式。
In order to improve English , ________.
A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes.
B. Jenny’s father bought a lot of tapes for herself.
C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny.
D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny father.
解析:根据不定式短语我们可以推知,句子的逻辑主语应该是人而不是物,所以,应该排除CD,再就是应该是Jenny提高自己的英语,而不是她爸爸,故答案先B.
———,we decided to go out for a walk.
A. It is fine B. It fine
C. Being fine D.It being fine
解析:主句主语we与动词短语be fine之间既无主动关系与无被动关系,所以要加上自己的逻辑主语It,由于不存在主、被动关系,故不能选C项,而应该选D 项。
————more attention, the trees could have grown better. A. Given B.To give C.Giving D. Having giving
解析:give与主句的主语之间是被动关系,故选A.如为主动关系则选C.
英语16种时态用法详解
1.一般现在时 (do/does; is/am/are)
① 表示现在的情况、状态或特征。
例:He is a student.
他是一个学生。
② 表示经常性、习惯性动作。
例:He always helps others.
他总是帮助别人。
③ 客观事实和普遍真理。
例:The earth moves the sun.
地球绕着太阳转。
④ 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。
仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词,可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。
常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。
例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。
⑤ 在时间、条件和让步状语从句中经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将的来事情。(即:主将从现原则)
例:I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport.
我一到机场就会给你打电话。
When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.
等你完成这份报告的时候,我就已经等了将近3个小时了。
2. 现在进行时(am/is/are doing)
① 表示此时此刻正在发生的事情。
例:He is listning to the music now.
他现在正在听音乐。
② 表示目前一段时间内一直在做的事情,但不一定此时此刻正在做。
例:I am studying computer this term.
这个学期我一直在学习计算机。
③ 现在进行时可以表示将来的含义。
a. 瞬时动词的进行一定表将来。
例: I am leaving.
我要离开了。
b. 持续动词的进行只有有将来的时间状语或有将来语境中才表将来。
例: I am travelling next month.
下个月我要去旅行。
④ 现在进行时与频度副词连用,表示说话者或褒义或贬义的感情色彩。
例: He is always helping others.
他总是帮助别人。(褒义)
3. 现在完成时(have/has done)
① 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成,强调对现在产生的影响。
例:I bought a new house, but I haven't sold my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
我买了一所新房子,但是还没有卖掉旧的,所以现在我又两所房子。
② 表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或情况,并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。
时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点,或for加一段时间,或by加一个现在时间。
例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物,但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被现代科学家的工作所修正
4. 现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)
表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间,延续或重复地出现至今,或将继续延续至将来。
例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.
到目前为止,我们一直在处理那个项目,已经花了一个多月时间了。
5. 一般过去时 (did; was/were)
① 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
例:I bought some fruits yesterday.
我昨天买了一些水果。
② 表示过去习惯性动作。
例:When I was a boy,I often swam in that river.
would/used to do:表示过去常常......
例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.
老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他的人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。
He used to visit his mother once a week.
他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。
6. 过去完成时(had done)
表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的"过去的过去"。
Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six months.
到那时为止,他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。
7. 过去将来时(would do)
表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。
例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.
我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。
8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)
① 表示在过去具体的时间正在发生的动作。
例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.
10分钟前,玛丽正在听轻音乐。
② 表示过去某个时间段内一直在发生的事情。
例:I was travelling in London last summer vacation.
去年暑假我在伦敦旅行。
③ 过去进行时可以表示过去将来的含义。
a. 瞬时动词的过去进行时一定表示过去将来的含义。
例:Then she said she was leaving.
然后她说她要离开了。
b. 持续动词的过去进行时只有在有过去将来的时间状语或过去将来的语境下才能表示过去将来。
例:She said that she was travelling the next day.
她说她第二天要去旅行。
④ 过去进行时和频度副词连用可以表示说话者或褒义或贬义的感情色彩。
9. 一般将来时
(1)will do
① 表示主语主观意愿的将来。
例:I will send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.
我将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品,作为给她的生日礼物。
② 表示客观将来。
例:Fish will die without water.
离开水,鱼会死。
③ 表示临时决定。
例:——Mary has been ill for a week.
——Oh,I didn't know. I will go and see her.
(2)am/is/are going to do
① 表示计划、打算做某事。
例:This is just what I am going to say.
这正是我想说的。
② 表示根据某种迹象看,很可能或即将发生的事情,表推测。
例:Look at the dark clouds in the sky. It's going to rain.
看天上的乌云,要下雨了。
(3)am/is/are about to do
表示“即将、正要”时,可用。强调近期内或马上要做的事。
例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.
别担心,我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。
(4)be to do
① 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。
例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.
星期一你准会在实验室见到她。
② 该做或不该做的事情(语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一种命令、规劝性语气。
例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.
孩子们,你们必须 上床睡觉,不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。
10. 将来进行时(will be doing)
表示在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。
例:Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.
别担心,你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。
11. 将来完成时(will have done)
表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态,或是在某个将来时间完成,但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。
例:The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.
会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。
12. 将来完成进行时:(will have been doing)
表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间,是否继续下去,应视上下文而定。
例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.
到下个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。
13. 过去完成进行时:had been doing
表示某一动作一直延续到过去某一时间,是否继续下去,应视上下文而定。
例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.
我回到家之前,我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。
14. 过去将来进行时:( would be doing )
表示就过去某一时间而言,将来某一时间或时间段正在进行的动作,主要用于从句中。
例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.
政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。
15. 过去将来完成时:(would have done)
表示就过去某一时间而言,将来某一时间之前所完成的动作。常用在虚拟语气中,表示与过去事实相反。
例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.
我坚信到那年年底为止,那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。
16. 过去将来完成进行时:(would have been doing)
表示就过去某一时间而言,将来某一时刻之前一直在进行的动作,是否继续下去,应视上下文而定。
例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.
他们说到第二个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。
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