《助动词英语语法知识点与语法填空必背的短语》
过去将来完成时(past future perfect tense)表示在过去将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。它的形式由should(第一人称)或Would(第二、三人称)加have再加过去分词构成。美国英语一律用Would。小编在这里整理了相关资料，希望能帮助到您。
助动词的形式与作用
1)英语常用的助动词(auxiliary verb)有shall，will，should，would，be，have，do等。助动词一般无词义，不能单独作谓语动词。助动词在句中的作用，在于帮助构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问结构等。如：
China has entered a great new era. 中国已进入了一个伟大的新时期。(帮助构成完成时态)
Some boys are playing on the grass. 一些男孩正在草地上玩。 (帮助构成进行时态)
Mother is written by Gorky. 《母亲》是高尔基写的。 (帮助构成被动语态)
We Shall have the football match if it does not rain.如果不下雨，我们就赛足球。(帮助构成将来时态和否定结构)
Do you see my point? 你明白我的意思吗?(帮助构成疑问结构)
[注]在否定结构中，not须放在助动词后面。
2)助动词加not一般都有简略式，用于口语中。如：
is not-isn't would not--wouldn't
are not--aren't [B:nt] have not--haven't
was not -- wasn't has not--hasn't
were not-- weren't [wE:nt] had not--hadn't
shall not--shan't [FB:nt] do not--don't [dEunt]
will not--won't [wEunt] does not--doesn't
should not--shouldn't did not--didn't
be
助动词
be的形式变化和动词be。be作为助动词的用法有下列几种：
1)be后跟动词的现在分词 可以构成各种进行时态。如：
The driver is cleaning the car.司机在擦车。
Yesterday afternoon we were discussing a new plan.昨天下午我们在讨论一个新的计划。
Women in our country are playing an important part in socialist construction.我国妇女在社会主义建设中正起着重要的作用。
2) be后跟动词的过去分词 可以构成被动语态。如：
A lot of consumer goods are made of nylon.许多消费品都是尼龙作的。
The Flower Show is usually held here in October. 花展通常于10月在此举行。
The cinema will be closed for repair from March 3rd.影院自三月三日起修理内部停止营业。
3)be加动词不定式 有下列各种用法：
a)表示未来的安排或计划。如：
The delegation is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.代表团定于明天去上海。
I'm to be home before midnight.我午夜前一定回来。
b)表示必要或命令或问对方的意志。如：
You're to hand in your exercises tomorrow.你们明天要交练习。
Where am I to put these tools? 这些工具应该放在什么地方?
What is to be done?怎么办?
c)表示"可能"，与can或may相仿。如：
I am not sure whether he is to turn up tonight.我不能断定他今晚是否能来。
My key is nowhere to be found.我哪儿也找不着我的钥匙。
d) be + about + 动词不定式则表计划即将，如：
The meeting is about to begin.会议即将开始。
have
的过去式是had。Have (had)作为助动词和过去分词一起，构成各种完成时态。如：
I have known Mr. Smith for four years.我认识史密斯先生已经四年了。
He has not made up his mind yet.他还没有决定呢。
A woman came in with a baby，who had just swallowed a safety pin.一个妇女带进来一个刚吞进一个别针的婴儿。
[注] have的简略式是've，has的简略式是's，had的简略式是'd，如
I've，you've，he's，I'd，we'd，he'd，they'd等。
do
的过去式是did。do (did)作为助动词，有下列一些用法：
1)构成现在一般时和过去一般时的疑问句和否定句。如：
Do you know each other? 你们两人认识吗?
How do you find the climate here? 你觉得这里的气候怎么样?
She did not go to hospital after breakfast She went to work as usual.早饭后她没有去医院，她照常上班去了。
2)构成否定的祈使句。如：
Don't be so careless.不要那么粗枝大叶。
Do not hesitate to come when you need help.有困难只管来。
3)加强陈述句和祈使句的语气。如：
I do think he is right.我确实认为他是对的。
Do come often.一定常来呀。
Do ask，if you have any questions.如果有问题，务必提出。
4)用于倒装句中。如：
Only then did I understand the importance of science.只是到了那时，我才了解到科学的重要性。
Never did I expect to see him there.我从未想到会在那里看到他。
5)还可用来代替主要动词，以避免重复。较常用在简略答语中。如：
Does he also study geography?他也学地理吗? ――Yes，he does.是的，他也学地理。
Did it snow a lot last week? ――Yes，it did。上星期雪下得多吗? --是的，下得很多。
He works even harder than you do. 他比你还要用功。
[注] 上面最后一句中的do应唤作替代词，只是为了初学者的方便而放在助动词项下。
shall和Will
助动词
shall本身没有词义，只用在第一人称的将来时态中(现多为will所代替)。在将来一般时中，shall后接动词原形。如：
I shall think it over.我要好好考虑一下。
Don't worry. We shall tell you all about it.你别担心。我们都会告诉你的。
助动词
will本身没有词义，只用在第二、三人称的将来时态中。will在将来一般时中后接动词原形。如：
He will be twenty-five years old next month.他下个月将是二十五岁。
You will have an examination in English tomorrow.你们明天有英语考试。
The weather forecast says that there'll be heavy rain tomorrow.天气预报明天有大雨。
should和would
助动词
should是shall的过去式，它本身没有词义，用于第一人称的过去将来时态中(现多用would)。should在过去将来一般时中后接动词原形。如：
We were told that we should sight the Treasure lsland that night. 我们被告知那天夜里我们就要看见宝岛了。
助动词
would是will的过去式，它本身没有词义，用于第二、三人称的过去将来时态中。would在过去将来一般时中后接动词原形。如：
He said that he would always remember that day.他说他将永远记住那一天。
1. 值得做......
(1) be (well) worth doing sth
Eg: This book is well worth reading for you. 这本书非常值得你读。(用主动形式表被动含义)
(2)be worthy to be done
(3)be worthy of being done
Eg: This book is well worthy of being read for you. = This book is well worthy to be read for you. 这本书非常值得你读。(用被动形式表被动含义)
2. couldn’t help doing sth 情不自禁得做......;
couldn’t help to do sth 不能帮助做......
Eg: (1) We couldn’t help laughing when we heard this funny story. 当我们听到这个滑稽的故事时，我们都情不自禁地笑了。
(2) I couldn’t help you to do housework because I’m busy with my study.
我不能帮助你做家务，因为我忙于学习。
3. name A after B：以B的名字为A命名
Eg: Tom named his son after his father. 汤姆以他父亲的名字为他的儿子取名。
= His son was named after his father.(常用于被动语态)
4. judge from/by ... 由...判断
Eg:(1) Don’t judge a person by his appearance.不要以貌取人。
(2)Judging from his accent, he must be an American. 从他的口音判断，他一定是个美国佬。
5. compare A with/to B：把A与B做比较;compare A to A'：把A比作A'
Compared with his room, my room is even smaller.
与他的房间比，我的房间还小一点。(even/much + 比较级)
6. break down (机器)出故障;(汽车)抛锚
break out (战争、洪水、火灾)爆发 (不能用于被动语态)
break into 破门而入，闯入
7. deep, deeply的区别
这两个副词的共同意思是“深”。其区别在于：
(1)deep作“深深地”解,常用来修饰具体的或有形的动作或动作意义很强的分词; 而deeply作“深入地”“深刻地”解,通常用于引申的场合或比喻的意义,起增强语气的作用。例如：
We went deep into the jungle. 我们走进丛林深处。
I deeply regret your misfortune. 对你的不幸我深表遗憾。
(2) 修饰形容词时习惯用deeply,不能用deep。例如:
I'm deeply sorry for what has happened. 我对发生的事情深感遗憾。
(3) 形容静止状态时只能用deep, 不能用deeply。例如:
The ship sank deep into the sea. 这船深沉海底。
8. learn from sb 向某人学习;
learn a lesson 吸取经验教训;
learn sth from sb 从某人那里学到...
We should learn from each other. 我们应当相互学习。
Try and learn from the failure. 要努力从失败中吸取经验教训。
She needs to learn a lesson about telling the truth. 她要吸取教训才能说实话。
We can learn a lot from talk shows. 我们可以从脱口秀中学到很多东西。
9. as a result/consequence 结果(所以);as a result of 由于(因为)
As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. 因此我们不得不给菜地浇水。
He was late as a result of the snow. 由于大雪他迟到了。
10. make up one’s mind(有单复数之分) to do sth 下定决心做某事
in one’s opinion(无单复数之分) 在...看来
11. It takes sb + 一段时间 + to do 做某事花了某人多少时间
12. be/become addicted to doing sth 沉溺于...中
He is addicted to drinking. 他嗜好喝酒。
13. call on/upon sb to do sth 号召某人做...
14. be based on/upon... 以...为基础/根据;建立在...的基础上
(1)base on “以……为根据”，用法应是 base A on B. 如:
① Edison based his ideas on scientific experiment. 爱迪生的想法是建立在科学实验的基础上的。
② You should base your opinion on facts. 你的意见都要以事实为根据。
(2)be based on “以……为根据”，用法是A be based on B
① What he said is based on fact. 他所说的话是以事实为根据的。
② The story is based on real life. 那故事是根据现实生活而写的。
③ Some modern languages are based on Latin. 在些现代语言是以拉丁文为基础的。
15. get rid of ... 消除...
16. But as life would have it 但是生活注定是难以捉摸
17. 以下to为介词：(后加名词/动词ing形式)
the/a key to success/succeeding 成功的关键;
the/a path to success 通向成功之路
be/get used to doing sth 习惯做某事 = be/get accustomed to doing sth
in addition to doing sth 除了做...
equal to doing sth (胜任)有能力做某事
look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事
pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事
devote ... to doing sth 奉献…去做某事
make contributions to doing sth 为…做贡献 = contribute to doing sth
object to doing sth 反对做某事
refer to doing sth 提到做某事
lead to doing sth 导致做某事
stick to doing sth 坚持做某事
get down to doing sth 开始认真做某事
be/become addicted to doing sth 沉溺于...中
see to doing sth 注意做某事
Eg：I must see to getting the dinner ready. 我必须注意把饭准备好。
18. 以下to为不定式标志：(后加动原)
can’t wait to do sth 迫不及待做某事
spare/leave no efforts to do sth 不遗余力做某事
make an effort/efforts to do sth 努力做某事
try/do one’s best to do sth 尽某人的最大努力去做某事= do all sb can to do sth 尽力做某事
There is no time/chance to do sth 没时间/机会做某事
It/There is no use (in) doing sth 做某事毫无意义
have no choice but to do sth 除了做...之外没有其他的选择(表将去做)
= have nothing to do but do sth
= can do nothing but do sth (前带do后必省to, to为不定式标志)
Eg：I want nothing but to borrow a magazine from you.
He could do nothing but wait for the bus to come.
19. keep/stay + adj. 如：keep quiet保持安静;stay calm 保持镇定
20. To one’s surprise/amazement/delight 让某人感到吃惊/高兴的是...
21. (at) one time or another; one, the other
Most of my friends have cheated on tests in school at one time or another. 我的大多数朋友在学校测验时都曾经作过弊。
22. It is possible/probable/likely that：……是可能的
sb is likely (like) to do sth 某人可能做……
23. It occurred to sb that... 某人突然想起 ...
It occurred to sb to do sth 某人突然想起做某事
It occurred to me that I had not handed in my paper. 我突然想起我还没有交论文。
It didn't occur to him to ask for help. 他没想到请别人帮忙。
24. avoid being done 避免被...( avoid doing sth)
To avoid being caught by the police, he ran very fast.
25. can’t bear/stand/tolerate(容忍) doing sth 不能容忍做...
I can’t bear/stand/tolerate being kept waiting. 我不能容忍久等。
26. be surprised at (doing) sth 对...感到吃惊 = be surprised to do sth
I’m surprised at what you say. 我对你所说的话感到吃惊。
I’m surprised to see you here. 看见你在这儿，我很吃惊。
= I’m surprised at seeing you here.
27. in search of：搜寻...
【注】search作动词指“寻找”，后面跟寻找的范围，而search for后面跟
寻找的目标。如：
Are they still searching for their child? 他们还在寻找他们的孩子吗?
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