《中考英语重难点语法详解介词和连词与否定方式》
介词不能单独作句子成分，但介词在介词短语中是两个实质性结构成分中(介词+名词性词语)的一个;而连词在实质性结构中只起连接作用.何学好英语?小编在这里整理了相关资料，快来学习学习吧!
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1.介词的功能
介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：
The boy over there is John’s brother. (定语)
The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)
Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语)
Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语)
2.常用介词的用法辨析
(1)表时间的介词
1)at, in on
表示时间点用at。例如：at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上时，用in。例如：in the ninettenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上时，用on。例如：on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。
2)since, after
由since和after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用。例如：
I haven’t heard from him since last summer.
After five days the boy came back.
3)in, after
in与将来时态连用时，表示“过多长时间以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语。After与将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如：
He will be back in two months.
He will arrive after four o’clock.
He returned after a month.
(2)表示地点的介词
1)at, in, on
at一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某个范围之内;on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
They arrived at a small village before dark.
There is a big hole in the wall.
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.
2)over, above, on
over, on和above都可表示“在……上面”，但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under。 above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。On指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面。例如：
There is a bridge over the river.
We flew above the clouds.
They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.
3)across, through
across和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边”，但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Throgh的含义与in有关，表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如：
The dog ran across the grass.
The boy swam across the river.
They walked through the forest.
I pushed through the crowds.
4) in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范围以外;in the front of 表示“在……的前部”，在某个范围以内。例如：
There are some tall trees in front of the building.
The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.
3.介词的固定搭配
介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关系，才能正确使用介词。
(1)介词与动词的搭配
listen to , laugh at, get to, look for wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…， 等。
(2)介词与名词的搭配
on time, in time, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on one’s way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。
(3)介词与形容词的搭配
be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。
4.连词的功能
用来连接词，短语，从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独使用。连词可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。
5.并列连词
并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：
(1)表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
(2)表选择关系的or, either…or等。
(3)表转折关系的but, while等。
(4)表因果关系的for, so等。
6.从属连词
从属连词用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有：
(1)引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。
(3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。
(4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。
(5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。
(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, so…that, such…that等。
(7)引导比较状语从句的than, as…as等。
(8)引导名词从句的that, if , whether等。
7.常用连词的用法辨析
(1)while, when, as
这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句，但用法有所不同。
1)当某事正在进行的时候，又发生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句。例如：
As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.
2)当两个长动作同时进行的时候，最常用的是while。例如：
While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.
3)当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时，最常用的是as。例如：
As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.
4)当两个短动作同时发生时，或表示“一边…一边…”时，最常用as。例如：
Just as he caught the fly, he gave a loud cry.
She looked behind from time to time as she went
5)当从句的动作先于主句的动作时，通常用when。例如：
When he finished his work, he took a short rest.
6)当从句是瞬间动作，主句是延续性动作时，通常用when。例如：
When John arrived I was cooking lunch.
(2)as, because, since , for
这四个词都可表原因，但用法有区别。
1)如果原因构成句子的最主要部分，一般用because。因此，because引导的从句往往放在句末。例如：
I stayed at home because it rained.
---Why aren’t you going?
---Because I don’t want to.
2)如果原因已被人们所知，或不如句子的其它部分重要，就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一点。As和since 引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如：
As he wasn’t ready, we left without him.
Since I have no money, I can’t buy any food.
3)for用来补充说明一种理由，因此，for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。例如：
I decided to stop and have lunch----for I was feeling quite hungry.www.zhongkao5.com//
(3)if, whether
if和whether都可作“是否”讲，在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如：
I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school.
I don’t know whether (if) he likes that film.
在下列情况下，只能用whether,不能用if：
1)引导主语从句时。例如：
Whether he will come to the party is unknown.
2)引导表语从句时。例如：
The question is whether I can pass the exam.
3)在不定式前。例如：
I haven’t made up my mind whether to go there or not.
(4)so…that, such…that
1)so…that中的so是个副词，其后只能跟形容词或副词，而such…that中的such是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语。例如：
I’m so tired that I can’t walk any farther.
It was such a warm day that he went swimming.
2)如果在名词之前有many, much, little, few时，用so,不用such。例如：
He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.
I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
(5)either…or…， neither…nor, not only…but also…
这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时，
谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例如：
Either you or he is wrong.
Neither he nor his children like fish.
Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.
(6)although, but
这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说“Although he is
over sixty, but he works as hard as others.”这个句子应改为：Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.或He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.
(7)because, so
这两个连词同样不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说“Because John
was ill, so I took him to the doctor.” 这个句子应改为Because John was ill, I took him to the doctor.或John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.
初中英语的八种否定形式
· 01 ·
完全否定英语中的完全否定可以用：
not, no, never, none, nobody, nothing, neither...nor, nowhere等表示。
如：
1.Nothing is difficult for him. 没什么难得到他。
2.Mary never has beef. 玛丽从来不吃牛肉。
3.Neither answer is correct. 两种答案都不对。
· 02 ·
部分否定英语中表示“全体”意义的代词, 形容词或副词。
如：all, both, altogether, always, completely, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere, every, everybody, many, often等
与not搭配时，通常表示部分否定，意思是“并非都是”“不完全是”“不是每个都是”等。
如：
1.Not everyone was amused by these April Fool's jokes.
并不是每个人都觉得这些玩笑有趣。
2.Food likes and dislikes do not always seem related to nutrition. 对食物的好恶似乎并不总与营养有关。
比较：
Nothing makes him happy.
(全部否定)没有哪一件事情让他开心。
Not everything makes him happy.
(部分否定)并不是每一件事都让他开心。
None of the students went to visit the science museum last week.(完全否定)上周没有一个学生去参观科技博物馆。
Not all of the students went to visit the science museum last week.(部分否定)上周并不是所有的学生都去参观了科技博物馆。
· 03·
几乎否定一些半否定词表否定之意。他们不可再与否定词连用，他们与谓语肯定式连用，构成几乎否定句。
如：hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, few等词。
如：
1.I could hardly hear what he said.
我几乎没听见他说了什么。
2.There is little water in the bottle, isn't there?
瓶子里几乎没有水，不是吗?
· 04 ·
双重否定双重否定句由【not + 具有否定意义的词】构成，形成“否定+否定=肯定”的语言效果。
双重否定可以表示强调，也可以表示委婉的含义。
如：
1.Her name can't escape me forever.
我永远忘不了她的名字。
2.The songs never fail to make the children smile.
这些歌曲一向都能使孩子微笑。
· 05 ·
转移否定转移否定，即句中的否定虽然出现在谓语部分，否定范围却不在主句谓语动词本身，而转移到了句子中的宾语、状语或其他成分上。这种形式在初中比较常见的有以下两种情况：
1.转移否定多用于表思维活动
如：believe(相信), expect(期望), hope(希望), imagine(想象), think(认为)等。
例如：
I don't think he will pass the exam.
我认为他考试会不及格的。
2.主句的谓语动词是表感觉的系动词，通常也用于转移否定句
这类动词有：seem(好像), feel(感觉), appear(出现), look like(看起来像)等。
如：
It doesn't look like it's going to rain.=It looks like it isn't going to rain. 好象不会下雨。
No matter how hard he studies, he never seems to be able to pass the exam. 不管他多么努力的学习，他似乎永远也考不及格。
· 06 ·
运用某些结构表达否定意义1.too...to 太……而不能
He is too tired to walk. 他太累了，走不动了。
2.more A than B(与其B不如A)或more than +含有can的从句
The young man is more brave than wise.
这年轻人有勇无谋。
The gratitude for your help is more than I can express.
对于你给我的感激之情我无法言表。
3.prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿(喜欢)……而不愿……，如：
He prefers to write his letters rather than dictate them.
他喜欢自己写信而不愿口授自己的信。
· 07 ·
运用含否定意义的词或词组表否定意义1.动词短语表否定意义
如：
differ from 与……不同
prefer...to... 喜欢……而不喜欢……
keep/prevent/stop/protect ... from 阻止，使……不
keep off 不接近， 不让……接近
lose sight of 看不见
例如：
The Great Green Wall stops the sand from moving to the rich land in the south.
绿色长城阻止了风沙吹向南方肥沃的田地。
He lost sight of his wife and went away alone.
他没看见他的妻子，独自走了。
Sally prefers singing to dancing.
莎丽喜欢唱歌而不喜欢跳舞。
2.动词表否定意义
如，absent(缺席), fail(不及格), refuse(拒绝), miss(未赶上，错过), escape(被……忘掉)等。
例如：
Why did you absent yourself from school yesterday?
昨天你为什么不来上学?
He missed the 9:30 train and therefore missed the accident.
他没赶上9:30的那班火车,也因此而逃过那次车祸.
3.介词表否定意义
without(无，没有), against(反对), beyond(超出，无法), except/but(除……外), past(超过), off(离开), above(超出……之外)等。
例如：
I can't finish the work without your help.
没有你的帮助,我完不成这工作。
His conduct has always been above suspicion.
他的行为一直无可置疑。
His stupidity is past all belief.
他的愚蠢简直不可思义。
· 08 ·
运用连词before unless等
引导的状语表否定意义如：
WangWei went to bed before he finished his homework.
王伟没完成作业就睡觉了。
Unless you put on your overcoat, you'll catch a cold.
如果你不穿大衣,你就会感冒。
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